Effect of revenue leakages on revenue generation of Nigerian tertiary hospitals in north-east Nigeria

Authors

  • Hamidu Isa Babi Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, Sa'adu Zungur University, Bauchi State.
  • Muhammad Auwal Kabir Sa'adu Zungur University, Bauchi State
  • Abdulkadir Abubakar Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, Sa'adu Zungur University, Bauchi State.
  • Bello Usman Baba Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, Sa'adu Zungur University, Bauchi State.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33003/fujafr-2026.v4i2.284.106-126

Keywords:

Federal Tertiary Hospitals, Northeast Nigeria, Revenue Generation, Revenue Leakages

Abstract

Purpose: This paper examines the effect of revenue leakages on revenue generation of Nigerian tertiary hospitals in Northeast Nigeria.

Methodology: The study employed quantitative research approach using primary data. The data was collected via questionnaire. A total of 590 revenue staff from 13 federal tertiary hospitals in Northeast Nigeria made up the population of the study. Krejcie and Morgan formula was used to arrive at a sample size of 234. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) path modeling was used to assess both the measurements and structural model evaluation.

Results and conclusion: This study found that staff attitude, accountability, supervision, and information technology positively affect revenue generation in Nigerian tertiary hospitals, while perceived corruption negatively affects it, connivance was found to be insignificantly related to the revenue generation among tertiary hospitals in Northeast Nigeria. Therefore, this study concludes that, revenue leakages have significant impact on the revenue generation of tertiary hospitals in Northeast Nigeria.

Implication of findings: Accordingly, Hence, the study recommends that, the federal government put more effort to address leakages in Nigerian tertiary hospitals through reforms, more openness and fortified institutional frameworks. The findings have implication for researchers, policy makers and management of tertiary hospitals in Nigeria.

References

Abba, F. E., (2019). The effect of employee work-related attitudes on employee job performance. Management and Business Research Quarterly, 4(9)19–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32038/mbrq.2019.09.03

Aboelmaged, M. G. & Gebba, T. R. (2013). Mobile banking adoption: an examination of technology acceptance model and theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Business Research and Development, 2(1), 35-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24102/ijbrd.v2i1.263

Abun, D., Luciano A. A., Ubasa, T. M., Encarnacion, M. J. & Ranay, F. B. (2021). Attitude toward the work and its influence on the Individual work performance of employees: Basis for attitude management. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 18(1), 378-394.

Adegbie, F. F. & Akinyemi, O. O. (2020). Electronic payment system and revenue generation in Lagos state. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 6(1), 59-85.

Adegbie, F. F., Enerson, J., & Olaoye, S. A. (2022). An empirical investigation into the relationship between electronic tax management system and tax revenue collection efficiency in selected states in Southwest, Nigeria. Archives of Business Research, 10(04).93-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.104.12195

Adegbite, T. A. & Adegbayi, A. T. (2022). Tax Collection strategies and revenue generation: Kwara state verdict. International Journal of Innovative Research in Accounting and Sustainability, 7(1), 31-43.

Adegbite, T. A. & Azeez, B. A. (2021). Exploring road tax in cushioning the effects of downplaying revenue generation in southwestern states, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Accounting and Finance, 13(2), 140-158.

Ajzen, I. (1993). The theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179- 211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Ali, M. R. H. & Reuben, J. M. (2019). The effect of teamwork development on organizational performance: a case study of tile and carpet Centre in Kenya. Global Scientific Journals, 7(9), 542-556.

Alkhatib, A. A. & Maria, A. A. (2021). The impact of corruption in encouraging the crime of income tax evasion among the Palestinian SMEs. Quest Journals Journal of Research in Business and Management, 9 (2), 01-09.

Amahalu, N. N., Okoye, P. V., Obi, J. C. & Iliemena, R. O. (2019). Effect of tax leakages on economic development of Nigeria. Journal of Global Accounting, 6(1), 104-128.

Ani, V. A. (2022). Financial accountability in the administration of area council revenues in Nigeria. Local Administration Journal 15(1), 15 – 39.

Arif, I., & Rawat, A. S. (2018). Corruption, governance & tax revenue: evidence from EAGLE countries. Journal of Transnational Management, 23(2), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15475778.2018.1469912

Askari, G., Asghri, N., Gordji, M. E., Asgari, H., Filipe, J. A. & Azar, A. (2020). The impact of teamwork on an organization’s performance: A cooperative game’s approach. Mathematics, 8(1804), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101804

Augustine, A. A. & Enyi, E. P. (2020).Control of corruption, trust in government, and voluntary tax compliance in south-west, Nigeria. Journal of Management Studies, 8(1), 84-97.

Augustine, A.A., Enyi, E. P. & Rufus, A. I. (2019). Government accountability and voluntary tax compliance behaviour in selected states in south-west, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Studies in Business Strategies and Management, 7(1), 114- 135.

Baada, F. N., Ayoung, D. A., Ataribanam, S. & Abagrey, F. (2022). To levy or not? the paradox of revenue generation and sustainability of free public library services in Ghana. International Information and Library Review, 12(1), 1-16.

Cheuk, S., Phua, L. K., Siti-Nabiha, A. K., Sahari, S., Nichol, E. O. & Tinggi, M. (2020). Financial management capacity, accountability, own income generation, revenue diversification and financial sustainability in charities of Malaysia. Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 39(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i1.4279

Chukwunwike, O. D., Ofeagbu, G. N., Amara, F. M. & Okafor, R. G. (2021). Government accountability and tax revenue: evidence from Nigeria. African Journal of Business and Economic Research (AJBER),16, (4), 159 – 179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2021/v16n4a8

Eja, B. R., Idaka, S. E. & John, O. B. (2018). Inhibiting factors to tax revenue generation in Cross River state, Nigeria. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 17(1), 11-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/gjss.v17i1.2

Elekwa, N. & Okechkwu, E. (2014). Internal revenue leakages prevention and control in the local government system. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 14(4), 51-58.

Folorunsho, A. (2020). Public hospitals not generating enough revenue. https://healthwise.punchng.com/public-hospitals-not-generating-enough-revenue-minister/

Ganyam, A. I., Ivungu, J. A. & Anongo, E. T. (2019). Effect of tax administration on revenue generation in Nigeria: evidence from Benue state tax administration (2015-2018). International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 7(7), 394-414.

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). IBM SPSS statistics 29 step by step: A simple guide and Reference. Routledge Publishers.

Gomero, G. D. (2022). The factors that influence revenue collection success in the Beneshangul Gumzu region: the case of Assosa town. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(2), 5788– 5797.

Hair, J. F., Black, W., Babin. B.J., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hair, J. F., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2016). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 117(3), 442–458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Halim, A. (2019). Accountability and performance of the public sector organization. In International Conference on CELSciTech 2019 Social Science and Humanities track (ICCELTS-SS 2019, (pp.43-48) Atlantis Press.

Han, Y. & Hong, N. (2019). The impact of accountability on organizational performance in the U.S. federal government: The moderating role of autonomy. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(1) 3–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16682816

Hannang, A., Salju, M., & Qamaruddin, Y. (2020). The effect of supervision levels on employees’ performance levels. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 477(1), 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201017.001

Henseler, J., Hubona, G. & Ray, P. A., (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Hettiararchchi, H. A. H. & Jayarathna, S. M. D. Y. (2014). The effect of employee work related attitudes on employee job performance: a study of tertiary and vocational education sector in Sri Lanka. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 16(4), 74-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16447483

Hollinger, R. C. & Davis, J. L. (2004).Employee theft and staff dishonesty: The Handbook of Security, 9(1) 203-248.

Hussain, I., Ali, S., Shahzad, F. Irfan, M. Wan, Y. Fareed, Z. & Sun, L. (2022). Abusive supervision impact on employees’ creativity: A mediated-moderated perspective. Sustainability, 14(14), 8648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148648

Joseph, A. B. (2018). E-taxation adoption and revenue generation in Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 9(24), 116-124.

Kabir, M. A. (2017). Continuance intention to use electronic collection system in Nigerian federal hospitals Thesis Submitted to Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, University Utara Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Kanyungu, & Aunga, (2019). Effect of electronic revenue system on local government revenue collection in Tanzania: a case of Arusha city council. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 7(2), 371-380.

Kaunainfathima, I. & Moyeenudin, H. M. (2019). Anticipation of technology in enhancing the hotel room revenue. International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering, 9(2), 2122-2128.

Khan, I., Dongping, H. & Ghauri, T. A. (2014). Impact of attitude on employees’ performance: A study of textile industry in Punjab, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal (Innovation Challenges in Multidisciplinary Research & Practice), 30(1) 191-197.

Koske, D. K. & Atambo, W. (2018). Effects of supervision on employee performance: A case of Kenya tea packers limited (KETEPA) company, Kenya. International Journal of Core Engineering and Management, 5(7), 104-116.

Ldama, J. (2021). Influence of supervision on organizational efficiency in the Nigerian banking sector. EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD), 6(5), 502-512.

Lee, C. W. & Kusumah, A. (2020). Influence of supervision on employee performance with work motivation as an intervening variable. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9(2), 240-252.

Lee, J. & Choi, J. Y. (2016). Texas hospitals with higher health information technology expenditures have higher revenue: A longitudinal data analysis using a generalized estimating equation model. BMC Health Services Research, 16(117), 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1367-9

Mbarawii, W., & Maclean, I. F. (2023). Impersonation and collusion during examination and students‘ academic performance in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. In N. P. Ololube, T. Koroye, & D. T. Elisha (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Institutional Leadership and Capacity Building in Africa (pp. 498-507).

Menezes, L. M. & Kelliher, C. (2017). Flexible working individual performance and employee attitude: Compering formal and informal arrangements. Human Resource Management. 56(6), 1050-1070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21822

Mohamed, A. N., Ebar, D. N. & Ramli, A. (2022). Effect of corruption and governance on tax revenue in Mogadishu, Somalia. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7(5), 297-304.

Mustapha, A. I. & Edegware, J. G. (2017). Managerial supervision and productivity in the Edo state board of internal revenue (2010 – 2012). NG-Journal of Social Development. 6(1), 17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0040234

Nchuchuwe, T., & Ojo, A. B. (2017).Governance and public service delivery in Nigeria: The role of information and communication technologies. Covenant University Conference on E-governance in Nigeria CUCEN2017.88-107.

Nwokike, C. E., Ananti, M. O. & Ebelechukwu R. O. (2021). Accountability and internal revenue generation in the local government system in Anambra state (2006-2014). International Journal of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR), 5(6), 87-96.

Nwosu, I. A., Ohuruogu, B., Ekpechu, J. O. A., Okoronkwo, E., Chukwu, C. O., Obi, C. F. & Ofoegbu, F. C. (2021). Structured supervision propelling job performance in universities: Achieving goals without chains. SAGE Open, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211050375

Nyabunze, A. & Siyabhundu, T. (2020). Effects of corruption on tax revenues in Zimbabwe (1998-2018). Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (DJMR), 2(2), 18-25.

Nyoka, M. A., Salifu, A. S., & Laar, D. S. (2023). An Electronic Payment System for Revenue Collection in the Kassena Nankana Municipality. Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science, 14(4), 428-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrcos/2023/v16i4402

Obaid, N. M. & Udin, M. M. (2020). Corruption and tax noncompliance variables: An empirical investigation from Yemen. International Journal of Financial Research, 11(4), 52-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n4p52

Obiekwe, O., Mobolade, G. O. & Akinade, M. E. (2021).Team building and teamwork in organizations: implications to managers and employees in work places. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies (IJMSSPCS), 4(1), 261 – 274.

Obinna, N. P., Oketa, C. U., Odom, A., Nwambe, C. O. & Nweke, C. U. E. (2019). Electronic tax system as a panacea for tax revenue leakages in Nigeria. African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies, 12(1), 40-50.

Odewale, P. O. & Ololade, B. M. (2022). Behaviour of the internally generated revenue during financial reforms in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Public Sector Management (NJPSM), 5(1), 1-16.

Ofurum, C. N., Amaefule, L. I.,.Okonya, B. E. & Amaefule, H. C. (2018). Impact of e–taxation on Nigeria’s revenue and economic growth: A pre – post analysis. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 19-26.

Ogilo, O. B., Elenwo, O. M. & Ojofeitimi, O. B. (2020). Understanding the impact of employees’ attitude on organizational performance: A study of selected service firms in Rivers state. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 4(7), 445-449.

Oloaye, S. A., Ogbebor, P. I., & Elelu, F. S. (2021). Financial control practices and accountability in the public sector in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 4(7), 941-953.

Olugbusi, O. M., & Ojo, O. (2021). Accountability and transparency in inland revenue of Lagos State and Ogun State Nigeria. NIU Journal of Humanities, 6(2), 17-26.

Onwubiko, E. C. (2021). Effect of library staff attitude on job performance: A study of library of Alex Ekweueme Federal University, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 2669.

Osho, A. E., Olemija, T. L., & Falade, A. B. (2019). The influence of tax revenue on government capital expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(2), 87-124.

Otekunrin, A. O., Fakile, S. A., Eluyela, D. F., Onabote, A. A., John, O. N. & Ifeanyichukwu, S. (2021). Impact of oil and non-oil tax revenue on economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 545-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12781

Rowe, S. Y., Degnan, D. R., Peters, D. H., Holloway K. A., & Rowe, A. K. (2022). The effectiveness of supervision strategies to improve health care provider practices in low and middle income countries: Secondary analysis of a systematic review. Human Resource for Health, 20(1), 85-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00683-z

Phina, O. N., Arinze, A. S., Chidi, O. F. & Chukwuma, D. (2018). The effect of teamwork on employee performance: A study of medium scale industries in Anambra State. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researchers, 5(2), 172-194.

Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M. & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modelling. In Handbook of market research (pp. 587-632), Cham: Springr International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (6th ed.). United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.

Shenoy, J. (2008). An examination of the efficiency, foreclosure, and collusion rationales for vertical takeovers. Journal of Financial Economics, 41(1), 193-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1089043

Soale, B., Akudugu, A. M. (2021). Employees’ attitude and their performance: A study of senior staff University of Cape Coast. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 9(4), 1711-1719. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i04.el01

Sokoh, G. C. (2018). Taxpayers’ attitude and government revenue generation in Delta central district of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(5), 61-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47604/jppa.1793

Ugoeze, E. A., & Chibueze, A. D. (2022). Effect of value added tax on revenue generation in Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies (IJMSSPCS), 3(1), 241 – 244.

Umar, M., Bappi, U., & James, C. (2023). The Effect of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on Revenue Generation in Gombe State Internal Revenue Service. AKSU Journal of Administration and Corporate Governance, 3(3), 22-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61090/aksujacog.2023.017

Unwana, E. E., & Men, J. M. (2022). Staff attitude and staff academic profile as factors influencing the use of two special libraries in Abuja, Nigeria. Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1563.

Wanyaki, M. N., Maina, C. W. Sanyanda, J. N. & Kiiru, D. (2019). Impact of teamwork on employee performance: A study of faculty members in Kenyatta University. Journal of Human Resource and Leadership, 4(1), 1-8.

Wipulanusat, W., Sunkpho, J. & Stewart, R. A. (2021). Effect of cross-departmental collaboration on performance: Evidence from the Federal Highway Administration. Sustainability, 13(11), 6024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116024

Wiyono, B. B., Burhanuddin, B., & Maisyaroh, M. (2020). Comparative effect of the supervision of principal and quality of organizational management in school education. Utopia Praxis Latinoamericana, 10(10), 368-380.

Yaru, M. A., & Raji, A. S. (2022). Corruption, governance and tax revenue performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic Review, 10(1), 234-253.

Downloads

Published

31-05-2026

How to Cite

Babi, H. I., Kabir, M. A., Abubakar, A., & Baba, B. U. (2026). Effect of revenue leakages on revenue generation of Nigerian tertiary hospitals in north-east Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Accounting and Finance Research [FUJAFR], 4(2), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.33003/fujafr-2026.v4i2.284.106-126

Similar Articles

41-50 of 183

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.